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In feminist theory, rape culture is a setting in which rape is pervasive and normalized due to societal attitudes about gender and sexuality. The sociology of rape culture is studied academically by feminists, but there is disagreement over what defines a rape culture and as to whether any given societies meet the criteria to be considered a rape culture.〔 Behaviors commonly associated with rape culture include victim blaming, sexual objectification, trivializing rape, denial of widespread rape, refusing to acknowledge the harm caused by some forms of sexual violence, or some combination of these. The notion of rape culture has been used to describe and explain behavior within social groups, including prison rape, and in conflict areas where war rape is used as psychological warfare. Entire societies have been alleged to be rape cultures.〔 There is evidence to suggest that rape culture is correlated with other social factors and behaviors. Rape myths, victim blaming, and trivialization of rape have been found to be positively correlated with racism, sexism, homophobia, ageism, classism, religious intolerance, and other forms of discrimination. ==Origins and usage== The term "rape culture" was first coined in the 1970s by second wave feminists, and was applied to contemporary American culture as a whole. During the 1970s, second-wave feminists had begun to engage in consciousness-raising efforts designed to educate the public about the prevalence of rape. Previously, according to Canadian psychology professor Alexandra Rutherford, most Americans assumed that rape, incest, and wife-beating rarely happened.〔Review of ''Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape'' quoted in 〕 The concept of rape culture posited that rape was common and normal in American culture, and that it is simply one extreme manifestation of pervasive societal misogyny and sexism. The first published use of the term appears to have been in 1974 in ''Rape: The First Sourcebook for Women'', edited by Noreen Connell and Cassandra Wilson for the New York Radical Feminists. This book, along with Susan Brownmiller's 1975 ''Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape'', was among the earliest to include first-person accounts of rape, and aimed to make the case that rape was much more common than previously believed. In the book, the group stated that "our ultimate goal is to eliminate rape and that goal cannot be achieved without a revolutionary transformation of our society." Sociology professor Joyce E. Williams traces the origin and first usage of the term rape culture to the 1975 documentary film ''Rape Culture,'' produced and directed by Margaret Lazarus and Renner Wunderlich for Cambridge Documentary Films, and says that the film "takes credit for first defining the concept."〔 The film discussed rape of both men and women in the context of a larger cultural normalization of rape.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rape Culture )〕 The film featured the work of the DC Rape Crisis Centre in co-operation with Prisoners Against Rape, Inc. It included interviews with rapists and victims as well as prominent anti-rape activists like feminist philosopher and theologian Mary Daly and author and artist Emily Culpepper. The film also explored how mass media and popular culture have perpetuated attitudes towards rape.〔 In a 1992 ''Journal of Social Issues'' paper entitled "A Feminist Redefinition of Rape and Sexual Assault: Historical Foundations and Change," Patricia Donat and John D'Emilio suggested that the term originated as "rape-supportive culture"〔Patricia Donat and John D'Emilio, "A Feminist Redefinition of Rape and Sexual Assault: Historical Foundations and Change", ''Journal of Social Issues'', vol. 48, n. 1, 1992; published in Di Karen J. Maschke, "The legal response to violence against women", Routledge 1997, ISBN 978-0-8153-2519-2.〕 in ''Against Our Will''. Brownmiller, a member of the New York Radical Feminists, showed how both academia and the general public ignored the existence of rape. The book is considered a "landmark" work on feminism and sexual violence and one of the pillars of modern rape studies. By the mid-1970s, the phrase began to appear in multiple forms of media. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「rape culture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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